What is Optical Fiber Cables and how it is used in telecommunication.

What's Optical Fiber :-

Optical fiber cable is transparent and flexible fiber made by stretched glass or plastic. It's diameter slightly thicker than human hair. These fibers are used to transmit light for communication, inside the construction of optical fiber cable light source which are transferred from one end to other and converted into electrical signal.

Optical Fiber Cable

Construction :-

Optical fibers are made by no. of fibers called core, and core is surrounded by a transparent cladding material with lower refractive index. Light is traveled with all the data in the core by total internal reflection which causes fiber to act as a medium of waves.This is more complex to joining of optical cable than electrical wire or cable. So very careful cutup of the fibers, precise alignment of the fiber cores, and the coupling of these cores. To join these fibers we can use electric arc.

Construction :-

# Protective Shield
# Cladding
# Core
# Fibers

Construction of Optical Fiber Cable

Modes of Fibers :-

Single Mode fibers- 

Basically single mode fibers are used or cover most of the communication links longer than 1Km (1000m)

Multi-Mode Fibers-

Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and uses where high power must be transmitted.

How signals are traveled in Single-mode and Multi-mode fibers

How Communication is possible ? :-

Optical fiber is used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is advantageous for long-distance communications, because infrared light propagates through the fiber with much lower attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long distances to be spanned with few repeaters.
Per-channel light signals propagating in the fiber have been modulated at rates as high as 111 (Gbit/s) although 10 or 40 Gbit/s is typical in deployed systems. Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light (Wavelength-division-multiplexing).

# This is how signal can transfer from one end to other via optical fiber cables. You can easily see that there is core is surrounded by cladding that's also called shield. Inside the core there are no. of fibers to transfer signal. This is possible by phenomenon of Total internal reflection of light.

This is how signal is passed

Transmission Rate :- 

Transmission rate of optical fiber is at higher than electrical transmission.

Transmission of image, videos and all the data stuff are transferred by optical cable with high bandwidth rate and provide longer distance sharing data without minimal loss. These happened because of fibers are constructed by glass based cable and surrounded by core and wrapped with bundles instead of metal wires. In metal wire system signals are travel along them with higher loss rate and speed of transfer rate is also low. Fiber cables are transfer the data with higher speed because of total reflection of light inside the core. In fiber cables data are converted into light source and travel inside the core and again converted in electrical signal.

This cables is used for transmission

 World Map of Optical Fiber Cables :-

See guys, how optical fiber cables are spread over the world. Basically, optical fiber cables are surrounded in all over the world. This is spread in ocean and ground to provide break free communication. All countries are connected with these optical fiber cables via particular states.

World Map of Optical fiber Cables.

View Inside the Ground and Ocean :-

Cables on the ground

Cables inside the ocean

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